Sustainable Production of Nanoparticles from Agricultural Waste and Their Applications in Environmental Remediation: A Review

The growing concerns over environmental pollution and resource depletion have intensified the search for sustainable and eco-friendly technologies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field with wide-ranging applications in environmental remediation; however, conventional methods of nanoparticle synthesis often involve toxic chemicals and high energy consumption. In this context, the use of agricultural waste as a renewable and low-cost resource for nanoparticle synthesis offers a sustainable alternative. Agricultural residues such as fruit peels, husks, leaves, and crop by-products are rich in bioactive compounds that can act as reducing and stabilizing agents in nanoparticle synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the green synthesis of nanoparticles using agricultural waste and their applications in environmental remediation. It discusses synthesis mechanisms, types of nanoparticles produced, and their effectiveness in removing pollutants from water, soil, and air. Additionally, challenges, limitations, and future research directions are highlighted to promote the sustainable development of nanotechnology for environmental protection.